Overcoming Atheism and Navigating the Mosque Shortage

Interview with Prof. Damir Mukhetdinov: How Muslims in Russia Overcame Atheism and the Shortage of Mosques

 Between strict legislation and misleading propaganda, Muslims in the Russian Federation remain calm, steadfast in faith, and determined in their mission. Despite obstacles such as the shortage of mosques in Moscow and false claims against Islam, they continue to spread their message. Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, with an estimated 25 million adherents by the end of 2025, concentrated mainly in the Caucasus and Volga regions.

Unity of Muslims in Russia

Prof. Damir Mukhetdinov, First Deputy Chairman of the Religious Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation and President of the Moscow Islamic Institute, explained that unity among Muslims is primarily spiritual, rooted in the Quranic command: {And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided} [Al-Imran 3:103] Muslims live in cities, towns, and villages, forming communities around mosques and elected imams. Most Russian Muslims are Sunnis, following the Hanafi and Shafi‘i schools.

Shortage of Mosques in Moscow

Despite the large Muslim population, Moscow has only four mosques, including one recently restored historic mosque. With over two million Muslims in the capital, this shortage forces hundreds of thousands to pray in the streets during major religious festivals. Mukhetdinov attributes this to historical and social factors, as well as lingering fears of Islam influenced by centuries-old Western narratives. Efforts are underway to expand prayer facilities in compliance with Russian law.

Overcoming Atheism and Preserving Faith

During the 20th century, both Christians and Muslims endured state-imposed atheism, persecution of clergy, and destruction of places of worship. Families and traditions suffered greatly, yet individuals preserved their faith privately. Today, spiritual resilience remains evident, and Muslims continue to grow demographically, partly due to adherence to Islamic ethics such as avoiding alcohol and abortion.

Famous Russian Converts to Islam

Several prominent figures embraced Islam and contributed to its spread. Philosopher Ali Vyacheslav Polosin became a key figure in Islamic cultural and educational initiatives. Valeria Porokhova translated the Quran into Russian, producing one of the most widely read versions. Additionally, non-Muslim scholars such as Mikhail Piotrovsky and Vitaly Naumkin have advanced Islamic and Arabic studies, helping present Islam’s beauty to Russian society.

Learning Arabic in Russia

Arabic, the language of Quran, is taught through community classes, online courses, Islamic colleges, religious schools, and institutes. Some students pursue advanced studies abroad to deepen their understanding.

Religious Property and Legal Challenges

The restitution of confiscated religious properties applies to all faiths, but the process is complex. Legal disputes, cultural preservation issues, and relocation of current occupants often delay the return of mosques and schools. Dialogue with the state can take years, but progress is being made.

Muslims in Moscow: A Model of Coexistence

As Russia’s multicultural capital, Moscow requires Muslims to represent their faith responsibly. Initiatives such as Ramadan tents welcome people of all religions to share meals and explore Islamic culture, fostering coexistence and mutual respect.

Role of Islamic Universities

Institutions in Kazan and Dagestan aim to train imams and preachers capable of addressing modern challenges, including social fragmentation and identity loss in the age of technology and artificial intelligence. Their mission is to guide people toward faith and human values.

Demographic Future of Muslims

Analytical centers, including Pew Research, predict Muslims may form the majority in Russia by mid-century. Mukhetdinov acknowledges these forecasts but emphasizes that divine providence surpasses human calculations and scientific predictions.